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Pneumonia
| Clinical Discipline(s)/Organ System(s) Geriatric Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Respiratory Medicine | Progress Test Topic(s) Infectious disease, Respiratory |
Description
You visit an 80 year old NZ European woman with the GP you are shadowing. She has a fever and is coughing up purulent sputum. She is in a private hospital because of advanced dementia and has been a resident for the past 3 years. A mobile chest X-ray taken in the private hospital shows 'confluent shadowing in the left lower lobe and a left-sided pleural effusion'. The GP sends her to the local Emergency Department and contacts her family. The patient has an advance directive stating that if she becomes very unwell she should not be 'kept going by machines', although her family is not comfortable with letting her die at present.
Progress Test-Type Questions: Question 1 | Question 2Applied Science for Medicine
- Anatomy and function of the respiratory tract
- Pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange
- Lung defence mechanisms including cellular and immunologic mechanisms; mucociliary clearance; consequences of impairment
- Microbiology of the upper respiratory tract (in institutionalised patients)
- Pathology and microbiology of pneumonia
- Causes and investigation of pleural fluid
- Pathogenesis and microbiology of aspiration pneumonia, parapneumonic effusion and empyema
- Diagnosis of pneumonia (microbiologic, molecular), including sputum analysis
- Pharmacology of penicillins, extended spectrum penicillins (e.g. amoxicillin), clavulanic acid (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline), macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin)
- Microbiology of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) including immunologic and secondary inflammatory response
- Immunology of vaccines against respiratory disease including live and inactivated vaccines, mRNA and vector based vaccines
- Laboratory diagnostics including polymerase chain reaction tests in virology
- Anatomy and function of the respiratory tract
- Pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange
- Lung defence mechanisms including cellular and immunologic mechanisms; mucociliary clearance; consequences of impairment
- Microbiology of the upper respiratory tract (in institutionalised patients)
- Pathology and microbiology of pneumonia
- Causes and investigation of pleural fluid
- Pathogenesis and microbiology of aspiration pneumonia, parapneumonic effusion and empyema
- Diagnosis of pneumonia (microbiologic, molecular), including sputum analysis
- Pharmacology of penicillins, extended spectrum penicillins (e.g. amoxicillin), clavulanic acid (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline), macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin)
- Microbiology of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) including immunologic and secondary inflammatory response
- Immunology of vaccines against respiratory disease including live and inactivated vaccines, mRNA and vector based vaccines
- Laboratory diagnostics including polymerase chain reaction tests in virology
Clinical and Communication Skills
- Elicit a history from a patient with purulent sputum; screen for risk factors for pneumonia; obtain supporting history from relatives and caregivers where possible if patient unable to provide accurate history
- Examination of the respiratory system
- Classification of pneumonia and assessment of severity using CURB-65 and other criteria
- Interpret chest X-ray, full blood count, sputum culture, sputum cytology, arterial blood gas, urinary antigens, sputum culture, polymerase chain reaction and rapid antigen tests
- Differential diagnosis of fever in an older patient
- Differential diagnosis and investigation of pleural effusion
- Indications for CT chest and bronchoscopy
- Indications for pleural aspiration and intercostal tube insertion
- Diagnostic testing for tuberculosis
- Management of pneumonia: pharmacological and non-pharmacological
- Outline the management of parapneumonic effusion/empyema
- Prognosis and complications of pneumonia (in an older patient)
- Principles of respiratory specimen testing including rapid antigen and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Indications for respiratory rehabilitation
- Elicit a history from a patient with purulent sputum; screen for risk factors for pneumonia; obtain supporting history from relatives and caregivers where possible if patient unable to provide accurate history
- Examination of the respiratory system
- Classification of pneumonia and assessment of severity using CURB-65 and other criteria
- Interpret chest X-ray, full blood count, sputum culture, sputum cytology, arterial blood gas, urinary antigens, sputum culture, polymerase chain reaction and rapid antigen tests
- Differential diagnosis of fever in an older patient
- Differential diagnosis and investigation of pleural effusion
- Indications for CT chest and bronchoscopy
- Indications for pleural aspiration and intercostal tube insertion
- Diagnostic testing for tuberculosis
- Management of pneumonia: pharmacological and non-pharmacological
- Outline the management of parapneumonic effusion/empyema
- Prognosis and complications of pneumonia (in an older patient)
- Principles of respiratory specimen testing including rapid antigen and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Indications for respiratory rehabilitation
Personal and Professional Skills
- Communication with family/carers regarding management of a terminal illness
- Death and dying; role of palliative care and advance care planning
- Competence and consent issues including enduring power of attorney
- Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act
- Documentation of resuscitation orders and withholding of medical treatment in appropriate situations
- Managing personal protective equipment and hospital infection exposures
- Self care and personal health including vaccination and roel of occupational health
- Communication with family/carers regarding management of a terminal illness
- Death and dying; role of palliative care and advance care planning
- Competence and consent issues including enduring power of attorney
- Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act
- Documentation of resuscitation orders and withholding of medical treatment in appropriate situations
- Managing personal protective equipment and hospital infection exposures
- Self care and personal health including vaccination and roel of occupational health
Hauora Māori
- Consideration of access to cultural/spiritual support for patient and whānau
- Ensure a culturally safe environment in life-changing scenarios
- Understand the role of kaupapa Māori health policies, services and research in reducing inequalities
- Awareness of different risk profiles for Maori compared with non- Maori
- Consideration of access to cultural/spiritual support for patient and whānau
- Ensure a culturally safe environment in life-changing scenarios
- Understand the role of kaupapa Māori health policies, services and research in reducing inequalities
- Awareness of different risk profiles for Maori compared with non- Maori
Population Health
- Infection control and prevention of transmission of respiratory pathogens
- Epidemiology of pneumonia
- Epidemiology of dementia
- Social care structure for dementia
- Antibiotic stewardship
- Global health and pandemic control
- Non -pharmaceutical interventions used in pandemic control and planning
- Vaccination programmes to control disease including influenza, pneumococcal and COVID vaccination
- Infection control and prevention of transmission of respiratory pathogens
- Epidemiology of pneumonia
- Epidemiology of dementia
- Social care structure for dementia
- Antibiotic stewardship
- Global health and pandemic control
- Non -pharmaceutical interventions used in pandemic control and planning
- Vaccination programmes to control disease including influenza, pneumococcal and COVID vaccination
Conditions to be considered relating to this scenario
Common
community acquired / nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute infective exacerbations (including COVID and other respiratory viruses, bronchiectasis
community acquired / nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute infective exacerbations (including COVID and other respiratory viruses, bronchiectasis
Less common but 'important not to miss'
tuberculosis, lung cancer, parapneumonic effusion/empyema, lung abscess
tuberculosis, lung cancer, parapneumonic effusion/empyema, lung abscess
